Digital album in harappan civilization on social science students

DIGITAL  ALBUM



 SUBMITTED  BY
MANEESHA. G

 INTRODUCTION

           The Harappan Civilization was spread over large parts of western region of the Indian subcontinent. Its earliest roots can be found from 700 BC in Mehrgrah But its peak urban period is around 2500 to 1900 BC. It declined completely  by 1300 BC. Primarily centered along the Indus and Panjab region. The civilization extented in to the Ghagger-Hakra River vally and the Ganges -Yamuna Doab.
          The mature Phase of the civilization is known as the “HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION”, as the first of its  cities to be unearthed was the one at Harappa, Excavated in the 1920s in what was at the time the Panjab province of British sub – continent. The Harappan  language is not directly attested and its affiliation is unknown, though Proto – Dravidian, Elamo -Dravidian or Munda relations  have been posited by scholars.
       


ARTS & CRAFTS

• Various  sculptures, seals, pottery, gold jewelry and anatomically detailed figures in terracotta, bronze and steatite have been found at excavations site.
• A number of gold and terracotta and stone figures of girls in dancing poses revealed the presences of  some dance forms.
• These terracotta figures also included cows, bear’s & Monkey’s  and dogs.
• Also made various toys and games, among them cubical dice.


DRAINAGE  SYSTEM OF HARAPPA

         The most unique aspect of planning during the Indus Valley civilization was the system of underground drainage. The main sewer, 1.5 meters deep and 91 cm across, connected to many north-south and east-west sewers. It was made from bricks smoothened and joined together seamlessly. The expert masonry kept the sewer watertight. Drops at regular intervals acted like an automatic cleaning device.
       A wooden screen at the end of the drains held back solid wastes. Liquids entered a cess poll made of radial bricks. Tunnels carried the waste liquids to the main channel connecting the dockyard with the river estuary. Commoner houses had baths and drains that emptied into underground soakage jars.


GREAT BATH OF HARAPPA

              The Great Bath of Mohenjo-daro is called the "earliest public water tank of the ancient world".[5] It measures 11.88 × 7.01 metres, and has a maximum depth of 2.43 metres. Two wide staircases, one from the north and one from the south, served as the entry to the structure.[6] A one metre wide and 40 centimetres high mound is present at the ends of these stairs. A hole was also found at one end of the Bath which might have been used to drain the water into it. The advanced architecture of the Indus Valley people is evident by their impressive dockyards, granaries, warehouses, brick platforms and massive protective walls. The Great Bath at Mohenjo-Daro in Sindh, Pakistan is one of the most famous structures of Harappan Civilization.

TRADE OF HARAPPA

What did the Harappan civilization trade?
Other trade goods included terracotta pots, gold, silver, metals, beads, flints for making tools, seashells, pearls, and colored gem stones, such as lapis lazuli and turquoise. There was an extensive maritime trade network operating between the Harappan and     Mesopotamian civilizations.
       
CONCLUSION

The Indus Valley people gave to the world its earliest cities, its town planning, its architecture in stone and clay, and showed their concern for health and sanitation. They built a scientific drainage system in their cities.
There is enough evidence to show that some of the early conceptions of Hinduism are derived from this culture. On the whole, the present civilization is a composite product resulting from a fusion of several cultures where the contribution of the Indus Valley is of utmost importance.